Questions 1-4: (TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN):
Question 1: There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks.
Answer: FALSE
Question 2: Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins.
Answer is: NOT GIVEN
Question 3: Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Question 4: Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes.
Answer: TRUE
Questions 5-9: (Matching statements with a list of researchers)
Question 5: invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics
Now, the phrase “invented a term” is synonymous to ‘coined the phrase’. It means saying something special that no one used this way before. Remember the saying, “Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee” by the greatest boxer Mohammad Ali. He coined the phrase. So, for this question, we need to find ‘coined the phrase’ and we find it in paragraph no. 4. Here, the writer says, “The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’.)”
Answer: A (Francis Galton)
Question 6: expressed the view that the study of epigenetics will increase our knowledge
Now, in paragraph 12 lines 1-3. Here, we find the comments or views of Geneticist Danielle Reed. “Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further”. This means that Reed is hopeful that the study of epigenetics will give us a better understanding or knowledge.
Answer: C (Danielle Reed)
Question 7: developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences.
Now, in paragraph 5, “Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. In broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics”. Here, statistical concept = mathematical method
Answer: B (Thomas Bouchard)
Question 8: pioneered research into genetics using twins
Now, in paragraph 4 line 1-4, “The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach. .. . . .”. Here, the phrase “first suggested” means that Francis Galton was the first person or the pioneer to use twins to measure the influence of heredity.
Answer: A (Francis Galton)
Question 9: carried out research into twins who had lived apart
Answer: B (Thomas Bouchard)
Question 10-13: (Summary completion using the list of words)
Question 10 and 11: In epigenetic processes, 10 __________ influence the activity of our genes, for example in creating our internal 11 ____________.
Now, in paragraph 7. You need to read the whole paragraph. In line 1 and 2, what epigenetic processes are. “Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions .. .. . ..” Then in the last few lines of the paragraph, the writer explains what these chemical reactions influence, “These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened; even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all other parts of our bodies.” So, it can be deduced or realized from these lines that ‘chemical’ reactions influence how our internal body parts are created such as ‘our bones, brains’ etc.
Answers: 10. D (chemicals); 11. B (organs)
Question 12: The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our ________.
Now, in paragraph 9, lines 1-5, “One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts our genes.” Here, the word ‘impact’ is synonymous to ‘affected’, ‘revealing’ is synonymous to ‘uncovering a way’.
Answer: E (environment),
Question 13: One example is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may show problems in its ____________.
Now, in paragraph 9, lines 5-9, “Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up.”
Answer: F (behavior/ behavior)
Questions 14-20: (Multiple Choice Questions):
General Idea: Skimming is the best reading technique. You need not to understand every word here. Just try to gather the gist of the sentences. That’s all. Read quickly and don’t stop until you finish each sentence.
Question 14: In the first paragraph, the writer makes a point that
Now, in the first paragraph, the author describes the importance of sound in lines 1-4, at the very opening of the paragraph, “Though we might think of film as an essentially visual experience, we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound.” Here, the word ‘underestimate’ means ‘overlook’. After that, the author also gives details of how important film sound is. So, he makes a point that it would be wrong to overlook the contribution of sound to the artistry of films.
Answer: B (it would be wrong to overlook the contribution of sound to the artistry of films.)
Question 15: One reason that the writer refers to Humphrey Bogart is to exemplify
Now, in paragraph 2, the author gives reference to Humphrey Bogert in lines 4-10, “Often with film characterization, the audience perceives little or no difference between the character and the actor. Thus, for example, the actor Humphrey Bogart is the character Sam Spade; film personality and life personality seem to merge.”
Here, merge = become one;
This clearly means that Humphrey Bogart is mentioned to exemplify the significance of the actor and the character appears to have similar personalities.
Answer: A (the importance of the actor and the character appearing to have similar personalities.)
Question 16: In the third paragraph, the writer suggests that
Now, in paragraph 3, line 6-12, the writer mentions the use of dialogues, “It is interesting to note that how dialogue is use and the very amount of dialogue used varies widely among films. For example, in the highly successful science-fiction film 2001, little dialogue was evident, and most of it was banal and of little intrinsic interest.”
Here, banal means dull or boring;
Answer: B (film dialogue that appears to be dull may have a specific purpose.)
Question 17: What does the writer suggest about Bringing Up Baby?
Now, in the beginning of paragraph 4, line 1-8. Here, the author says, “The comedy Bringing Up Baby, on the other hand, presents practically non-stop dialogue delivered at breakneck speed. This use of dialogue underscores not only the dizzy quality of the character Katherine Hepburn, but also the absurdity of the film itself and thus its humor.” These lines suggest that the dialogue in the film Bringing Up Baby highlights key elements of the film.
Here, key elements = the absurdity of the humor of the film;
Answer: D (The nature of the dialogue emphasizes key elements of the film.)
Question 18: The writer refers to the ‘click’ of a door to make the point that realistic sounds
Now, the word ‘click’ sound in paragraph 5, line 6-19, the author says, “Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism of film and also help to create a particular atmosphere. For example, the ‘click’ of a door being opened may simply serve to convince the audience that the image portrayed is real, and the audience may only subconsciously note the expected sound.
However, if the ‘click’ of an opening door is part of an ominous action such as a burglary, the sound mixer may call attention to the ‘click’ with an increase in volume; this helps to engage the audience in a moment of suspense.”
These lines suggest that realistic sounds can be modified by increasing the sound volume to make it more realistic.
Answer: C (may be modified in order to manipulate the audience’s response to the film.)
Question 19-23: (TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN):
Question 19: Audiences are likely to be surprised if a film lacks background music.
Now, in the very beginning of paragraph 7, the writer says that “We are probably all familiar with background music in films, which has become so ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence.”
Here, ubiquitous = ever-present; This means background sound or music has become an essential part of films. So, there is a high possibility that the audience will surely notice it and be surprised if background music is absent from a film.
Answer: TRUE
Question 20: Background music may anticipate a development in a film.
Now, in paragraph no. , in the end, “In addition, background music often foreshadows a change in mood.”
Here, the word ‘foreshadow’ is synonymous to ‘anticipate’. This means the background music can make the audience understand what changes are going to happen in a film.
Answer: TRUE
Question 21: Background music has more effect on some people than on others.
Now, find the reference to ‘background music’ and its effects in both paragraphs no. 7 and 8. But we cannot find any comparison as to whether it has more or less effect on some people.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Question 22: Background music may help the audience to make certain connections within the film.
Now, in lines 1 and 2 of paragraph no. 8, “Background music may aid viewer understanding by linking scenes.” Here, help means aid, audience means viewer, make connections within a film means linking scenes;
Answer: TRUE
Question 23: Audiences tend to be aware of how the background music is affecting them.
Now, in the final paragraph, “The effects of sound are often largely subtle and often are noted by only our subconscious minds.”
Here, subtle means delicate or faint or slight; So, audiences aren’t truly aware of the background music’s effect. Rather, subconscious mind takes note of it.
Answer: FALSE
Question 24-26: (Completing sentences with correct ending)
Question 24: The audience’s response to different parts of a film can be controlled
Now, in paragraph no. 1, lines 8-13, “The entire sound track consists of three essential ingredients: the human voice, sound effects and music. These three tracks must be mixed and balanced so as to produce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects”. The lines mean that the response or reaction of the audience can be influenced if voice, sound, and music are appropriately combined. Here, combined appropriately means mixed and balanced.
Answer: C
Question 25: The feelings and motivations of characters become clear
Now, in paragraph 2, lines 1-4, “… . As is the case with stage drama, dialogue serves to tell the story and expresses feelings and motivations of characters as well.”
This means that listening to dialogues clarifies the feelings and motivations of characters in the film.
Answer: A
Question 26: A character seems to be a real person rather than an actor
Now, in paragraph 3, lines 1-3, “When voice textures fit the performer’s physiognomy and gestures, a whole and very realistic person emerges.”
Here, actor means performer, appearance means physiognomy, moves means gestures, consistent with means fit; These lines suggest that a character appears to be a real person rather than an actor given to the fact that the audience listens to the voice, looks at the appearance of the character and watches how he/she moves.
Answer: E
Questions 27-32: (List of headings/ Matching Headlines)
Question 27: Paragraph A
The first line is line no. 1 which says, “Of all mankind’s manifold creations, language must take pride of place.” The second line is line no. 3 which says, “… Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since … … . .” These two lines explain that language is the best invention of all.
Answer: vi (Why language is the most important invention of all)
Question 28: Paragraph B
Here, paradox = irony or contradiction or mismatched.
Answer: iv (Apparently incompatible characteristics of language)
Question 29: Paragraph C
first, the writer asks in line 2-3, “How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound?” Then, we find in the next few lines the explanations of how the alphabets or letters work out by arranging themselves to make perfect sounds that can be conveyed into a language. “In themselves, these configurations of mouth – p, f, b, v, t, d, k, sh, a, e and so on – amount to nothing .. . . . . . But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe.” Here, barely three dozen measly morsels of sound = a few sounds
Answer: ii (The way in which a few sounds are organised to convey a huge range of meaning)
Question 30: Paragraph D
Answer: vii (The universal ability to use language)
Question 31: Paragraph E
Answer: i (Differences between languages highlight their impressiveness)
Question 32: Paragraph F
the answer is found in lines 8-9, “… . . . . even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific.” Here, the absence of a sound = silence, specific = meaningful;
Answer: v (Even silence can be meaningful)
Questions 33-36: (Summary completion with the given list of words)
Title of the summary: The importance of language
Question 33 and 34: The wheel is one invention that has had a major impact on __________ aspects of life, but no impact has been as _________ as that of language.
Now, in paragraph A, the writer states about the inventions like wheel, “Other inventions – the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread – may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it.”
These lines suggest that the invention of wheel has had a major impact on material aspects of life, but such impacts has not been as significant or fundamental as that of language, because all other inventions save originated from language.
Answers: 33. E (material); 34. G (fundamental);
Question 35: Language is very _________, yet composed of just a small number of sounds.
Now, at the beginning of paragraph B, the author states, “In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: .. .. .” Then in the next lines, the writer talks about the limitation of numbers of sounds, “… this marvelous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expression . . . .. “
These lines suggest that language is sophisticated or complex but it comes out of only a few sounds.
Answer: B (complex)
Question 36: Language appears to be ________ to use. However, its sophistication is often overlooked.
Now, in paragraph D, lines 5-9, the author says, “.. . .. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it tick.” The lines suggest that language provides us ease, and this ease has made people think very little about how sophisticated a language is or how it is being constructed.
Answer: F (easy)
Questions 36-40 (YES/NO/NOT GIVEN):
Question 37: Human beings might have achieved their present position without language.
Now, in paragraph 1, in the end, “Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself.”
So, the statement directly contradicts with the passage.
Answer: NO
Question 38: The Port-Royal grammarians did justice to the nature of language.
Now, in paragraph B, “. . .. This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement.”
The lines suggest that the Port-Royal grammarians have most eloquently or beautifully described the essence or nature of language. So, surely they did justice to the nature of language.
Answer: YES
Question 39: A complex idea can be explained more clearly in a sentence than in a single word.
Now, we do not find any such statement as to whether a complex idea can be described more easily or clearly than in a single word. The writer refers to the long Turkish word on paragraph E to explain that one word can be expressed to clarify a big sentence.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Question 40: The Sumerians were responsible for starting the recording of events.
Now, in paragraph F, the writer states, “And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history.” So, the statement suggests clearly that the Sumerians invented writing and documentation of history.
Answer: YES
